← INDUSTRY OVERVIEW • 2024 NATIONAL TEMPORARY MIGRANT WORK SURVEY
Industry Snapshots
Open any industry for the a snapshot of key data for participants who worked in that industry in their lowest paid job in 2023-24 — wages and underpayment, participants' work arrangements, Fair Work Act non-compliance and obfuscatory practices. Industries are ordered by survey sample size.
Want to compare sectors side by side? View data across industries →
Underpayment = participant's hourly wage rate compared with their individual minimum entitlements, taking into account Award, casual status, penalty rates (for night/weekend work) and age.
of workers were underpaid*
per hour, average underpayment
paid below the National Minimum Wage
Employment structure
Worked on an ABN
91% paid below equiv. casual employee minimum
Casual employee
88% of casual employees underpaid
Permanent employee
40% of permanent employees underpaid
Pay practices
Paid in cash
Not given payslips
10% given a payslip missing hours
Not paid superannuation
After hours and deductions
Worked nights / weekends
57% of those not paid penalty rates
Had wage deductions
ABN workers pegged to the casual employee minimum.
of workers were underpaid*
per hour, average underpayment
paid below the National Minimum Wage
Employment structure
Worked on an ABN
57% paid below equiv. casual employee minimum
Casual employee
54% of casual employees underpaid
Permanent employee
17% of permanent employees underpaid
Pay practices
Paid in cash
Not given payslips
5% given a payslip missing hours
Not paid superannuation
After hours and deductions
Worked nights / weekends
59% of those not paid penalty rates
Had wage deductions
ABN workers pegged to the casual employee minimum.
of workers were underpaid*
per hour, average underpayment
paid below the National Minimum Wage
Employment structure
Worked on an ABN
89% paid below equiv. casual employee minimum
Casual employee
91% of casual employees underpaid
Permanent employee
51% of permanent employees underpaid
Pay practices
Paid in cash
Not given payslips
5% given a payslip missing hours
Not paid superannuation
After hours and deductions
Worked nights / weekends
37% of those not paid penalty rates
Had wage deductions
ABN workers pegged to the casual employee minimum.
of workers were underpaid*
per hour, average underpayment
paid below the National Minimum Wage
Employment structure
Worked on an ABN
92% paid below equiv. casual employee minimum
Casual employee
80% of casual employees underpaid
Permanent employee
24% of permanent employees underpaid
Pay practices
Paid in cash
Not given payslips
6% given a payslip missing hours
Not paid superannuation
After hours and deductions
Worked nights / weekends
50% of those not paid penalty rates
Had wage deductions
ABN workers pegged to the casual employee minimum.
of workers were underpaid*
per hour, average underpayment
paid below the National Minimum Wage
Employment structure
Worked on an ABN
97% paid below equiv. casual employee minimum
Casual employee
94% of casual employees underpaid
Permanent employee
58% of permanent employees underpaid
Pay practices
Paid in cash
Not given payslips
8% given a payslip missing hours
Not paid superannuation
After hours and deductions
Worked nights / weekends
81% of those not paid penalty rates
Had wage deductions
ABN workers pegged to the casual employee minimum.
of workers were underpaid*
per hour, average underpayment
paid below the National Minimum Wage
Employment structure
Worked on an ABN
98% paid below equiv. casual employee minimum
Casual employee
97% of casual employees underpaid
Permanent employee
76% of permanent employees underpaid
Pay practices
Paid in cash
Not given payslips
9% given a payslip missing hours
Not paid superannuation
After hours and deductions
Worked nights / weekends
43% of those not paid penalty rates
Had wage deductions
ABN workers pegged to the casual employee minimum.
of workers were underpaid*
per hour, average underpayment
paid below the National Minimum Wage
Employment structure
Worked on an ABN
93% paid below equiv. casual employee minimum
Casual employee
90% of casual employees underpaid
Permanent employee
59% of permanent employees underpaid
Pay practices
Paid in cash
Not given payslips
2% given a payslip missing hours
Not paid superannuation
After hours and deductions
Worked nights / weekends
15% of those not paid penalty rates
Had wage deductions
ABN workers pegged to the casual employee minimum.
of workers were underpaid*
per hour, average underpayment
paid below the National Minimum Wage
Employment structure
Worked on an ABN
88% paid below equiv. casual employee minimum
Casual employee
66% of casual employees underpaid
Permanent employee
22% of permanent employees underpaid
Pay practices
Paid in cash
Not given payslips
5% given a payslip missing hours
Not paid superannuation
After hours and deductions
Worked nights / weekends
43% of those not paid penalty rates
Had wage deductions
ABN workers pegged to the casual employee minimum.
of workers were underpaid*
per hour, average underpayment
paid below the National Minimum Wage
Employment structure
Worked on an ABN
63% paid below equiv. casual employee minimum
Casual employee
56% of casual employees underpaid
Permanent employee
9% of permanent employees underpaid
Pay practices
Paid in cash
Not given payslips
8% given a payslip missing hours
Not paid superannuation
After hours and deductions
Worked nights / weekends
31% of those not paid penalty rates
Had wage deductions
ABN workers pegged to the casual employee minimum.
of workers were underpaid*
per hour, average underpayment
paid below the National Minimum Wage
Employment structure
Worked on an ABN
82% paid below equiv. casual employee minimum
Casual employee
62% of casual employees underpaid
Permanent employee
23% of permanent employees underpaid
Pay practices
Paid in cash
Not given payslips
6% given a payslip missing hours
Not paid superannuation
After hours and deductions
Worked nights / weekends
60% of those not paid penalty rates
Had wage deductions
ABN workers pegged to the casual employee minimum.
of workers were underpaid*
per hour, average underpayment
paid below the National Minimum Wage
Employment structure
Worked on an ABN
71% paid below equiv. casual employee minimum
Casual employee
51% of casual employees underpaid
Permanent employee
0% of permanent employees underpaid
Pay practices
Paid in cash
Not given payslips
4% given a payslip missing hours
Not paid superannuation
After hours and deductions
Worked nights / weekends
26% of those not paid penalty rates
Had wage deductions
ABN workers pegged to the casual employee minimum.
of workers were underpaid*
per hour, average underpayment
paid below the National Minimum Wage
Employment structure
Worked on an ABN
93% paid below equiv. casual employee minimum
Casual employee
72% of casual employees underpaid
Permanent employee
18% of permanent employees underpaid
Pay practices
Paid in cash
Not given payslips
19% given a payslip missing hours
Not paid superannuation
After hours and deductions
Worked nights / weekends
74% of those not paid penalty rates
Had wage deductions
ABN workers pegged to the casual employee minimum.
of workers were underpaid*
per hour, average underpayment
paid below the National Minimum Wage
Employment structure
Worked on an ABN
68% paid below equiv. casual employee minimum
Casual employee
80% of casual employees underpaid
Permanent employee
8% of permanent employees underpaid
Pay practices
Paid in cash
Not given payslips
8% given a payslip missing hours
Not paid superannuation
After hours and deductions
Worked nights / weekends
73% of those not paid penalty rates
Had wage deductions
ABN workers pegged to the casual employee minimum.
of workers were underpaid*
per hour, average underpayment
paid below the National Minimum Wage
Employment structure
Worked on an ABN
73% paid below equiv. casual employee minimum
Casual employee
56% of casual employees underpaid
Permanent employee
19% of permanent employees underpaid
Pay practices
Paid in cash
Not given payslips
11% given a payslip missing hours
Not paid superannuation
After hours and deductions
Worked nights / weekends
44% of those not paid penalty rates
Had wage deductions
ABN workers pegged to the casual employee minimum.
of workers were underpaid*
per hour, average underpayment
paid below the National Minimum Wage
Employment structure
Worked on an ABN
82% paid below equiv. casual employee minimum
Casual employee
97% of casual employees underpaid
Permanent employee
50% of permanent employees underpaid
Pay practices
Paid in cash
Not given payslips
6% given a payslip missing hours
Not paid superannuation
After hours and deductions
Worked nights / weekends
84% of those not paid penalty rates
Had wage deductions
ABN workers pegged to the casual employee minimum.
of workers were underpaid*
per hour, average underpayment
paid below the National Minimum Wage
Employment structure
Worked on an ABN
57% paid below equiv. casual employee minimum
Casual employee
45% of casual employees underpaid
Permanent employee
19% of permanent employees underpaid
Pay practices
Paid in cash
Not given payslips
0% given a payslip missing hours
Not paid superannuation
After hours and deductions
Worked nights / weekends
29% of those not paid penalty rates
Had wage deductions
ABN workers pegged to the casual employee minimum.
of workers were underpaid*
per hour, average underpayment
paid below the National Minimum Wage
Employment structure
Worked on an ABN
94% paid below equiv. casual employee minimum
Casual employee
100% of casual employees underpaid
Permanent employee
100% of permanent employees underpaid
Pay practices
Paid in cash
Not given payslips
29% given a payslip missing hours
Not paid superannuation
After hours and deductions
Worked nights / weekends
68% of those not paid penalty rates
Had wage deductions
ABN workers pegged to the casual employee minimum.
of workers were underpaid*
per hour, average underpayment
paid below the National Minimum Wage
Employment structure
Worked on an ABN
80% paid below equiv. casual employee minimum
Casual employee
63% of casual employees underpaid
Permanent employee
33% of permanent employees underpaid
Pay practices
Paid in cash
Not given payslips
27% given a payslip missing hours
Not paid superannuation
After hours and deductions
Worked nights / weekends
86% of those not paid penalty rates
Had wage deductions
ABN workers pegged to the casual employee minimum.
Want to compare sectors side by side? Wages, hours, pay practices and compliance across every industry, in interactive charts.
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